Political leaders resorted to the use of political parties and the media to mobilize millions of Nigerians against the continuation of British rule. The first missions were opened by the Church of England's Church Missionary Society (CMS). The Colonial Office could veto or revise his policies. Please let us discuss the brave roles of this groups and peoples. Lugard's governmental model for Nigeria was unique and there was apparently not much planning for its future development. The company interfered in the territory along the Niger and the Benue, sometimes becoming embroiled in serious conflicts when its British-led native constabulary intercepted slave raids or attempted to protect trade routes. European traders in Nigeria initially made widespread use of the cowrie, which was already valued locally. 1960-1966: Early diplomatic relations. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1012. In the face of threats to the divided Yoruba states from Dahomey and the Sokoto Caliphate, as represented by the emirate of Ilorin, the British Governorassisted by the CMSsucceeded in imposing peace settlements on the interior. The conference drafted the terms of a new constitution. [53] The first five heads of the Nigeria Department (18981914) were Reginald Antrobus, William Mercer, William Baillie Hamilton, Sydney Olivier, and Charles Strachey. Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia, led his army to accomplish this unique feat in March 1896, defeating General Oreste Baratieri's Italian . The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become independent of Europeans. In the north, appeals to Islamic legitimacy upheld the rule of the emirs, so that nationalist sentiments were related to Islamic ideals. In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. Independence was achieved on 1 October 1960. The southern nationalists were inspired by a variety of sources, including such prominent American-based activists as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. In 1894 the territory was redesignated the Niger Coast Protectorate and was expanded to include the region from Calabar to Lagos Colony and Protectorate, including the hinterland, and northward up the Niger River as far as Lokoja, the headquarters of the Royal Niger Company. It soon gained a virtual monopoly over trade along the River[11]. Britain subsequently lobbied other European powers to stop the slave trade as well. Although this trade grew to significant proportionspalm oil exports alone were worth 1 billion a year by 1840it was concentrated near the coast, where palm trees grew in abundance. Another court was established in 1856 at Calabar, based on an agreement with local Efik traders which prohibited them from interfering with British merchants. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. We bind ourselves not to have any intercourse with any strangers or foreigners except through the said national African Company (Limited), and we give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to exclude all other strangers and foreigners from their territory at their discretion. This rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. (Specifically it would enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) European interpretations of Christian orthodoxy in some cases refused to allow the incorporation of local customs and practices, although the various mission denominations interpreted Christianity in different ways. Nigeria in the past was forced to participate in the slave trade. "John Beecroft, 17901854: Her Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 18491854". They gathered information which was needed for policy-making in administration. A more representative system did not appear until 1946, when each geographic group of provinces had its own House of Assembly, with a majority of nonofficial (though not yet all elected) members; there were also a House of Chiefs and, in Lagos, a central Legislative Council. Under the Political Department of the Civil Service were Residents and District Officers, responsible for overseeing operations in each region. Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. Read published a Memorandum on British possessions in West Africa, which remarked upon the "inconvenient and unscientific boundaries" between Lagos Colony, the Niger Coast Protectorate and the Royal Niger Company. Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification. rebellion. [72], The Influenza pandemic made its way to the port of Lagos by September 1918 by way of a number of ships including the SS Panayiotis, the SS Ahanti, and the SS Bida. Acephalous . The NPC, entering candidates only in the Northern Region, confined campaigning largely to local issues but opposed the addition of new regimes. Armed resistance decreased in the 1920s but protest continued, "characterised by civil rights and civil . Du Bois. The receding British presence enabled local officials and politicians to gain access to patronage over government jobs, funds for local development, market permits, trade licenses, government contracts, and even scholarships for higher education. The book traces communications in Nigeria back to pre-colonial indigenous communications, through the development of telecommunication, broadcasting networks, the press, the Nigerian lm industry ('Nollywood') and on to the digital . Instead, acts of resistance were usually prompted by some new colonial policy - like taking away land, or forcing people to pay a tax, or forcing them to work for free on roads or railways. vestigation of the forms of primary resistance by Africans to the impo-sition of colonial rule in the classic period of European imperialism, say from 1880 to 1914. The influx of cowrie led to inflation. The British High Commissioners could depose emirs and other officials if necessary. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. They wanted self-government, charging that only colonial rule prevented the unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria and other states. Although his own ambitions were limited to the Northern Region, Bello backed the NPC's successful efforts to mobilize the north's large voting strength so as to win control of the national government. Nigeria officially became a democracy on its independence from Britain in October 1960. Osoba and Fajana pointed . The small contingent of northerners who had been educated abroada group that included Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Aminu Kanowas allied with British-backed efforts to introduce gradual change to the emirates. Lugard bequeathed to his successor a prosperous colony when his term as Governor-General expired. At first, the trade centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. A constabulary force was raised and used to pacify the coastal area. The war years brought a polarization between the older, more parochial leaders inclined toward gradualism and the younger intellectuals, who thought in more immediate terms. Nigerians also requested more political representation. The Women's War of 1929, known among Igbo women as Ogu Umunwanyi, occurred from November 23 to January 10, 1930. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. Total revenues of central and regional governments nearly doubled in relation to the gross domestic product during the decade. In 1805, he set out on a second expedition, sponsored by the British Government, to follow the Niger to the sea. [8] British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807. To some extent, competition amongst these companies undermined their collective position vis--vis, local merchants. In the Bight of Biafra, the major ports were Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa), Bonny and New Calabar. Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". During World War II, Awolowo reorganized it as a predominantly Yoruba political party, the Action Group. Background: Attitudes Towards Policing The period from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s marked the zenith of imperial rule in Africa. The protectorate was organised to control and develop trade coming down the Niger. Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. Revolts in against water rates and the alienation of indigenous land in 1908 and 1911 served to unite native African elites and working class residents. The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. Despite these difficulties, the Action Group rapidly built an effective organisation. As a latecomer in the struggle for colonies, Germany had to settle for four territories, called "protectorates," in . Political opposition to colonial rule often assumed religious dimensions. Nigeria Table of Contents. ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). The staff of this office came primarily from the British upper-middle classi.e., university-educated men, primarily not nobility, with fathers in well-respected professions. Men such as Balewa believed that only by overcoming political and economic backwardness could the NPC protect the foundations of traditional northern authority against the influence of the more advanced south. British merchants led the trade in palm oil, while the Portuguese and others continued the slave trade. This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to . In the twentieth century, Lagos became a center for resistance to colonial rule. tax. Quiz. September 24, 2021 at 9:40pm by jones.7592. The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. [50] In the same year, the British created the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF or WAFF), under the leadership of Colonel Frederick Lugard. As a protectorate, it did not have the status of a colony, so its officials were appointed by the Foreign Office and not by the Colonial Office. Under Lugard from 1900 to 1906, the Protectorate consolidated political control over the area through military conquest and initiated the use of British currency in substitute for barter. [42], The British had difficulty conquering Igboland, which lacked a central political organisation. It was not a walk over for the British to conquer Nigeria, some individuals and groups resisted the imposition of colonial rule. NEPU formed a parliamentary alliance with the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1921. The election of the House of Representatives after the adoption of the 1954 constitution gave the NPC a total of seventy-nine seats, all from the Northern Region. Other commercial crops, such as cocoa and rubber, were encouraged, and tin was mined on the Jos Plateau. The approaches of the two men to colonial development were diametrically opposed. Though the Europeans possess many considerable settlements both upon the coast of Africa and in the East Indies, they have not yet established in either of those countries such numerous and thriving colonies as those in the islands and continent of America. The Igbo redirected slaves into the domestic economy, especially to grow the staple food crop, yams, in northern Igboland for marketing throughout the palm-tree belt. In fact, while the southern delegates pressed for [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. [40] By 1893, most of the other political entities in Yorubaland recognised the practical necessity of signing another treaty with the British, this one explicitly joining them with the protectorate of Lagos. Strategic Theory, Dynamics, Methods and Movements ), contains accounts of the role of nonviolent action in anti-colonial struggles in Africa - Algeria, Ghana, Mozambique, and Zambia - and also in Bangladesh. [61], The task of unification was achieved on the eve of World War I. While each generated considerable political controversy, they moved the country toward greater internal autonomy, with an increasing role for the political parties. The operations of this force are still not fully known due to a policy of strict secrecy mandated by the British Government. Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard. [32], In 1880, the British Government and traders demonetised the Maria Theresa dollar, to the considerable dismay of its local holders, in favour of the pound sterling. To prevent any united opposition to its authority, the British adopted a divide-and-rule policy, keeping Nigerian groups separate from one another as much as possible. [51], Guidelines for running the Nigerian colony were established in 1898 by the Niger Committee, chaired by the Earl of Selborne, in 1898. In this final section of this module, we will look at four phases of African reaction to . Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. In April 1927, the British colonial government in Nigeria took measures to enforce the Native Revenue (Amendment) Ordinance. The most striking departure was in the Northern Region, where special provisions brought the regional constitution into consonance with Islamic law and custom. The Action Group, which staged a lively campaign, favoured stronger government and the establishment of three new states while advocating the creation of a West Africa Federation that would unite Nigeria with Ghana and Sierra Leone. (During World War II they again served in East Africa, as well as in Burma [now Myanmar].) Other Protestant denominations from Great Britain, Canada, and the United States also opened missions and, in the 1860s, Roman Catholic religious orders established missions. A . The central government, presided over by the governor-general and accountable to the secretary for the colonies in London, was more powerful but distant from the people. But the history of Nigerian demands for greater representation go back to the 1920s. The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. The Southern Protectorate financed itself from the outset, with revenue increasing from 361,815 to 1,933,235 over the same period. [64], Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. Each region had a governor, premier, cabinet, legislature, and civil service, with the significantly weaker federal government represented in Lagos by a governor-general, bureaucracy, House of Representatives, and Senate. The Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars stimulated the slave trade at a time when the British were actively trying to stop it. Definition of Colonialism Colonialism means a system which the Europeans adopted in ruling the colonies of Africa to their own benefits. According to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyage Database, 308,800 were sold across the Atlantic from Lagos in 17761850. In the north, the emirs intended to maintain firm control on economic and political change. The Royal Niger Company established its headquarters far inland at Lokoja, which was the main trading port of the company,[34] from where it began to assume responsibility for the administration of areas along the Niger and Benue rivers where it maintained depots. Palm oil was used locally for cooking, the kernels were a source for food, trees were tapped for palm wine, and the fronds were used for building material. In the meantime, public sector spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings. The basic economic units in each town were "houses", family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees. Nigerian recruits participated in the war effort as labourers and soldiers. Pre-colonial southern Nigeria was an _____ societey. The early resistance to colonialism in Africa began in the late 19th century with the increasing unrest in East Africa and several organized groups. ", Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. Borno capitulated without a fight, but in 1903 Lugard's RWAFF mounted assaults on Kano and Sokoto. In 1923 Herbert Macaulay, the grandson of Samuel Ajayi Crowther, established the first Nigerian political party, the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which successfully contested three Lagos seats in the Legislative Council. In practice, British administrative procedures under indirect rule entailed constant interaction between colonial authorities and local rulersthe system was modified to fit the needs of each region. Slaves formerly had been traded for European goods, especially guns and gunpowder, but now the British encouraged trade in palm oil in the Niger delta states, ostensibly to replace the trade in slaves. . He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. The officers of the RWAFF were British. They had obtained the assent of the emirs to form a political party to counterbalance the activities of the southern-based parties. David Ellis, "African and European relations in the last century of the transatlantic slave trade"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau. By 1919 the National Council of British West Africa, an organization consisting of elites across West Africa, was demanding that half the members of the Legislative Council be Africans; they also wanted a university in West Africa and more senior positions for Africans in the colonial civil service. The appointment of Joseph Chamberlain as colonial secretary in 1895 especially marked a shift towards new territorial ambitions of the British Empire. Segments of the Yoruba community had their own animosities and new rivalries arose. By the end of World War I, most of Africa had been effectively colonized. [21], Whether British conquest of Nigeria resulted from a benevolent motive to end slavery or more instrumental motives of wealth and power, remains a topic of dispute between African and European historians. In 1929, this incident in Nigeria later became one of the reasons for the fight against colonial rule in Africa A) The Nigerian Oil crisis B) The Aba Women's Revolt C) . By an overwhelming majority, voters in the Southern Cameroons opted to join formerly French-administered Cameroon over integration with Nigeria as a separate federated region. Over the next decades as colonial rule became institutionalized, African resistance to colonialism became more focused and intense. Frequently African armies of 20, 000 were defeated by European-led armies of 2,000 or less. In her . By 1938 the NYM was agitating for dominion status within the British Commonwealth of Nations so that Nigeria would have the same status as Canada and Australia. [52], The territory of the Royal Niger Company became the Northern Nigeria Protectorate, and the Company itself became a private corporation which continued to do business in Nigeria. Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognised the risks of British expansion. The British had participated in it until human trafficking was abolished in 1807. Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. The Royal Niger Company had its own armed forces. Today, Lagos remains Nigeria's financial capital and, as home to an estimated eight million people, ranks . . [79][80], Much of the colony's budget went to payments of its military, the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF). Consequently, in 1849, John Beecroft was accredited as consul for the bights of Benin and Biafra, a jurisdiction stretching from Dahomey to Cameroon. Northern leaders committed to modernization were also firmly connected to the traditional power structure. Although per capita income in the country as a whole remained low by international standards, rising incomes among salaried personnel and burgeoning urbanization expanded consumer demand for imported goods. As a historical event, anticolonialism means the struggle against imperial rule in colonized countries, mostly during the first half of the twentieth century. [58], Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". The legal justification for this campaign was a treaty signed in 1886, when the British had interceded as peacemakers to end the Ekiti Parapo war, which imposed free trade requirements and mandated that all parties continue to use British channels for diplomacy. As a philosophical movement and critical . [38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. On January 1, 1914, following the recommendations of Sir Frederick Lugard, the two protectorates were amalgamated to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria under a single governor-general resident in Lagos. Goods were made available on credit to African middlemen, who were expected to trade them at a pre-arranged price and deliver the proceeds to the company. A new constitution was created in 1922 under British colonial rule, largely due to Nigerian calls for reform. As a result, the trading post at the Niger River is created and the British economic rule is maintained over the colonies, exploiting Nigerians (Graham, 2009). In the long term, the acceptance of Christianity by large numbers of Nigerians depended on the various denominations adapting to local conditions. The council was headed by a Governor. Divide and rule policy: This was mainly applied in areas where African societies or population had poor relations as a result of differences between their leaders or divisions created by Christian religious sects to easily defeat Africans in case of impending resistance against colonial rule. Sir Richmond Palmer, acting as Lieutenant Governor in the North, disagreed with Clifford and advocated the principles of Lugard and further decentralisation. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. Beecroft agreed on condition that the slave trade be abolished, and British merchants have a monopoly in commodities. The Nigerian Resistance. Bello wanted to protect northern social and political institutions from southern influence. In the early stages of British rule, it is desirable to retain the native authority and to work through and by the native emirs. Their common denominators tended to be based on newly assertive ethnic consciousness, particularly that of the Yoruba and Igbo. Nigeria's potential in the Post-Colonial Era. The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. Main aim. Bolivian indigenous activist Ivan Ignacio, one of many indigenous activists at the second People's Summit in Qubec . A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. An example was that at Onitsha, where they could bargain directly with local suppliers and purchase products likely to turn a profit. The British answered this activity by attempting to create a more representational colonial system. In 1916, Sir Edward Carson led the majority of the Conservative and Unionist Party to vote against Party Leader Bonar Law on the issue, forcing it to withdraw from the Asquith coalition and for the government to begin to break apart. [73] An estimated 500,000 Nigerians would lose their lives due to the pandemic, severely decreasing production capabilities on Nigerian farms and plantations. Frederick Lugard, who assumed the position of high commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria in 1900, often has been regarded as the model British colonial administrator. The . The departure of Azikiwe and other Igbo members of the NYM left the organisation in Yoruba hands. Frederick Lugard, who was appointed as High Commissioner of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1900 and served until 1906 in his first term, often has been regarded by the British as their model colonial administrator. Britain withdrew from the slave trade when it was the major transporter of slaves to the Americas. After the British government assumed direct control of the Royal Niger Companys territories, the northern areas were renamed the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, and the land in the Niger delta and along the lower reaches of the river was added to the Niger Coast Protectorate, which was renamed the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. It was replaced by a new coalition government led by David Lloyd George featuring Conservatives and Lloyd George's supporters in the Liberal Party, while Asquith and the remainder of the Liberals entered opposition.[69]. Others refused recruitment into colonial armies or labor forces.Jun 20 2017. Because of the hazards of climate and tropical diseases for Europeans and the absence of any centralized authorities on the mainland responsive to their interests, European merchants moored their ships outside harbours or in the delta, and used the ships as trading stations and warehouses. 1. African Resistance to Colonial Rule (Talten, Africana Age) LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE This primary resistance was not unified and centered, yet it allowed understanding that the colonial rule and the presence of Europeans in Africa were negative (Chamberlain 89). The economy suffered from the decline in the slave trade, although considerable smuggling of slaves to the Americas continued for years afterward. "Nigerian Forces Comforts Fund, 19401947: 'The Responsibility of the Nigerian Government to Provide Funds for the Welfare of Its Soldiers'. In pursuance of the above general principles the chief civil officers of the provinces are to be called Residents which implies one who carries on diplomatic relations rather than Commissioners or Administrators. Discover how the Mandinka Empire, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, and Nigeria resisted European colonists and the impact each conflict had. The delta masked the mouth of the great river, and for centuries Nigerians chose not to tell Europeans the secrets of the interior. Although it reserved effective power in the hands of the Governor-General and his appointed Executive Council, the so-called Richards Constitution (after Governor-General Sir Arthur Richards, who was responsible for its formulation) provided for an expanded Legislative Council empowered to deliberate on matters affecting the whole country. Crowther, a liberated Yoruba slave, had been educated in Sierra Leone and in Britain, where he was ordained before returning to his homeland with the first group of CMS missionaries. [57], From 1895 to 1900, a railway was constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan; it opened in March 1901. Nigeria became an independent state on the October 1, 1960 after being a British colony for over 40 years. Inteno Fiberkonverter Blinkar, Herkules Flygplan Fakta, Kraftvrme Frdelar Och Nackdelar, Infllt Mtarskp Utomhus . The most important of these was a near fetish with indirect rule that was supposed to facilitate a cheap and effective ruling strategy. [31], Captain John Glover, the colony's administrator, created a militia of Hausa troops in 1861. Despite conquering villages by burning houses and crops, continual political control over the Igbo remained elusive. Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing to undertake. Most internal problems were concealed, and open opposition to the domination of the Muslim aristocracy was not tolerated. The only significant interruption in economic development arose from natural disasterthe Great Drought of 191314. This line was extended to Oshogbo, 100 kilometres (62mi) away, in 19051907, and to Zungeru and Minna in 19081911. The party was Ahmadu Bello, the trade in palm oil, while the Portuguese and others continued slave. 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