did the mongols invade thailanddid the mongols invade thailand

Real power over Anatolia was exercised by the Mongols after the Seljuks surrendered in 1243 until the fall of the Ilkhanate. The Mongol Empire knew about the country of Japan long before the invasions took place. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Mongols in South-East Asia Mongol empire expansion Present-day Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia, were the targets of Kublai Khan's last efforts at expanding Mongol lands southward from China. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. They attacked and conquered surrounding tribes/kingdoms in 1200s to 1300s bc they coveted wealth from Silk Road trade. A double thanks for those who gave twice during this pledge week. Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty invaded Burma between 1277 and 1287, resulting in the capitulation and disintegration of the Pagan Kingdom. The senior commanders would be needed to discuss and vote for the next khan in a traditional meeting of all the Mongol tribes. In the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written! Hide Answers Scoreboard Back to Quiz Index: Round 1: 1. The Mongol invasion of the Muslim world began in 1217 and continued upto 1305. Great cities like Tbilisi, Kiev and Vladimir fell and, reaching the Danube river, they sacked the Hungarian cities of Buda, Pest, and Gran (Esztergom). However, you should be aware that questions framed as 'Why didn't X do Y' relatively often don't get an answer that meets our standards (in our experience as moderators). Last Update: Jan 03, 2023. . All Russian states were forced to submit to Mongol rule and became part of the Golden Horde empire, some of which lasted until 1480. So we had stopped them and protected our land and people. At the time of the Mongol siege of Kaifeng, China was roughly divided between three empires, the Xi Xia, the Jurchen Jin, and the Song. ", C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.502, Nagendra Kr Singh, Nagendra Kumar International Encyclopaedia of Islamic Dynasties, p.271, C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.503. The Yuan Mongols invasions of Java (Singosari-Majapah. While the Barga, Tumed, Buriats, Khori, Keshmiti, and Bashkirs were organized in separate thousands, the Telengit, Tolos, Oirats and Yenisei Kirghiz were numbered into the regular tumens[22] Genghis created a settlement of Chinese craftsmen and farmers at Kem-kemchik after the first phase of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty. The Vietnamese knew that the Mongol morale was wavering and militarily struck back at them, forcing the mostly mounted invaders to fight on terrain that would put them at a disadvantage. Below are the most splendorous cities the Mongols sacked: 10. Not only did the Mongols not have a naval force to match, but the Chinese fleet could further limit Mongol movement and even outflank their cavalry at times. The devastating plague would come again in successive waves throughout the 14th century CE and dwarf the casualties the Mongol hordes had caused a century before. Victory followed victory, and the Mongol armies pushed into Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia in 1238 CE, steadily wearing down the fortified towns of the region, sacking such cities as Tiflis (Tbilisi) and extracting tribute from local princes. One low-ranking samurai, Takezaki Suenaga, received word from his commander Shni . Just to let you know, your question is fine, and we're letting it stand. All the while, the Emperor instituted a scorched earth policy against the invaders, denying them food sources, lodgings, and most importantly for a mobile army, intact infrastructure. Rather, the army that had invaded Poland, after harassing eastern Germany, crossed the March of Moravia in April . I'll try both. Gunpowder, paper, printing, and the compass all became familiar in Europe. The Portal for Public History. Did the Mongols invade Thailand? The Mongols occupied parts of Punjab region for decades. The Mongols also invaded Sakhalin Island between 1264 and 1308. It marked the beginning of the Mongol Conquest of the Islamic States, and it also expanded the Mongol invasions, which would ultimately culminate in conquest of virtually the entire known world save western Europe, Scandinavia, Arabia, north Africa, part of southeast Asia, and Japan. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Consequently, many Russian princes were able to rule with a high degree of autonomy after the invasion. His efforts once again revealed the same lack of control [ as] in his financial policies of the 1280s.. Suddenly without his heir at near 70, the loss truly seems to have utterly broken what was left of Khubilais soul after Chabis death. The warm and humid lands of south-east Asia tested Mongol armies to their limits. Further, Khubilai demanded that they send population registers that Great Yuan could effectively collect taxes and mete out corve labor assignments on the respective populations, as good little vassal states. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns. Prior to this, Khubilai had been able to quote Thanos and say, I Am Inevitable. Yet now, not just once, but twice, the Japanese had thrown his best efforts back and at the cost of tens- to hundreds-of-thousands of lives. On numerous occasions, Khubilai had sent ambassadors and messengers to urge the two monarchs, Tran Thanh-Tong of Dai Viet, and Jaya Indravarman VI of Champa, to come and personally attend him at Dadu, yet neither ever made the trip. In 1270, Kublai Khan sent a Chinese official, with a new batch of settlers, to serve as judge of the Kyrgyz and Tuvan basin areas ( and ). ", Last edited on 18 February 2023, at 20:58, conflict between the Mongols and Eastern European polities, 12161220 conquest of Central Asia and Eastern Persia, 12201223, 12351330 invasions of Georgia and the Caucasus, 12511259 invasion of Persia, Syria and Mesopotamia, 12531256 Mongol campaign against the Nizaris, Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe, List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus', List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire, "Biological Weapons: covert threats to Global Health Security", "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism", "Pluvials, droughts, the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia", World Timelines Western Asia AD 12501500 Later Islamic, "Elite violence and elite numeracy in Europe from 500 to 1900 CE: roots of the divergence", "Twentieth Century Atlas Historical Body Count", "Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa", The Mongols and the Armenians (12201335), Battuta's Travels: Part Three Persia and Iraq, The Tran Dynasty and the Defeat of the Mongols, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_and_conquests&oldid=1140177188, Devastation throughout Southeastern and Central Europe, including, This page was last edited on 18 February 2023, at 20:58. The Mongol armies may have done an about-turn in 1242 CE but the effects of their invasion far outlasted the relatively short military presence. Firstly, it often can be difficult to prove the counterfactual: historians know much more about what happened than what might have happened. Impact of the invasions . Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. We do not know where China's "second lesson" will take place, but we know where Vietnam should prioritize in order to ensure its best chance of survival. Their initial charge broken, the Pagan troops nevertheless continued their advance, and the two sides engaged in a pitched battle for some time. On This Day On this day, 23rd February 1945, Joe Rosenthal of the Associated Press took this iconic photo on what island?. They not only brought ferocious mobility to warfare but they were, thanks to their flexibility, quickly adept at other types of battle, too, like siege warfare and the use of gunpowder missiles and catapults, all very far from traditional nomadic warfare. Web. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Having gathered his army together, Grand Duke Yuri then returned to try and relieve the city, but it had already fallen on 7 February to the Mongol battering rams and catapults, its cathedral torched. The Mongol conquest of China was a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to invade China proper. In a multi-pronged and intercontinental assault on Eurasia and Eastern Europe from 1236 CE, another army marched through Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan, defeating the Bashkirs and Bulgars along the way, to then attack the Russian principalities across the Volga River in the winter of 1237-8 CE. 12,363. In his personal life, as well, Khubilai was dealt a 1-2 combo of heartbreak. Already vastly experienced from his campaigns under Genghis Khan against the Xia and Jin states in East Asia, the general was the supreme field commander of the forces which invaded western Asia and eastern Europe, even if the figurehead of the campaign was Batu (aka Bat-Qan, c. 1205-1255 CE), nephew of Ogedei Khan. [36] Major Tai states such as Lan Na, Sukhothai, and Lan Xang appeared around this time. Grand Duke Yuri II fled the city, leaving his wife and sons to face the attack. Cartwright, Mark. a. The war between them reformer versus traditionalist would rage on and off for the remainder of both of their lives. The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256. We was both lucky and smart enough to find their weakness is the rations. In this episode, Yiming Ha will give an introduction to the forty-four year war between the Mongol-Yuan and the Southern Song. For instance, Hulagu, who led Mongol forces into the Middle East during the second wave of the invasions in 1250, had with him a thousand squads of engineers, evidently of north Chinese (or perhaps Khitan) provenance. The Mongols liked the hard plains and frozen rivers that the Russian winter landscape presented as it was similar to the harsh grassland steppe they and their sturdy horses were used to. One thousand northern Chinese engineer squads accompanied the Mongol Hulagu Khan during his conquest of the Middle East.[c]. However, the demonisation of the Mongols by Russian chroniclers and even later historians does not necessarily match the reality of an invading force which sacked some cities but completely ignored others and which never established a new political structure of its own. Here you will find the complete history summarized and retold in simple language with acc. The Mongol armies, meanwhile, marched on relentlessly and they all met up on the Danube river in the first week of April. A decade and a half later, no further intelligence had been gained. The Mongols were considered one of the empires that had a long lasting impact on global history. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. 6. The Tartars took the town of Riazanand burned it all, and killed its prince Yuri and his princess and seized the men, women and children, the monks, nuns and priests; some they struck down with swords, while others they shot with arrows and flung into the flames; still others they seized and bound, cut and disembowelled their bodies. So, to answer your question, they did try to conquer South East Asia, but the first step to do so, Vietnam, never submitted. License. Unfortunately, the destruction of the Vietnamese army left their capital undefended. This called into question not only his competence as the ruler of Great Yuan, but shattered the near-mythical perception of Mongol invincibility across the region. It was in this year that one of Mngke's generals sent an envoy to the Kingdom of Dai Viet - modern day northern Vietnam - requesting military access. . However, it was not the case, really, with Khubilai or any of the Mongol khanates for that matter, that this point. There may, too, have been other reasons for ending the campaign in 1242 CE, perhaps because of the now overstretched communications from the Mongol capital at Karakorum or because the grasslands of Hungary turned out to be not quite sufficient to maintain a large Mongol army indefinitely. Slowly, the Mongol force gained the advantage again from Polo: [they] were beginning to turn the back [] and when the Tartars saw that those were turned in flight the go beating and chasing and killing them so evilly that it was a pity to see. Polo concludes that the Mongol forces managed to capture some 200 elephants, which they brought back to Khubilais court as a gift though this seems to be Marcos penchant for overstatement yet again, as the Chinese records indicate that only 12 elephants were brought to Dadu. Please Read Our Rules before you comment in this community. Breslau (Wroclaw) was next but, there, the inhabitants so feared what was to come they themselves torched the city and took refuge in its castle citadel. Also, merchants were granted more social status during the Mongol rule. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The Koreans having refused to help the . Although some . Europe benefited from the spread of ideas that came with the Mongols who provided the crucial physical link between East and West. The Mongols did not spare Europe. Trn Thi Tng who was present at the battle and reportedly led his own men atop one of these elephants was able to escape to a nearby island, safe from the Mongol horde who, without boats, could not reach him. The Mongol Conquests What Led to the Conquests? It was marked by several major battles, but in general the Mongols spared the civilian population. [1][2] In addition, Mongol expeditions may have spread the bubonic plague across much of Eurasia, helping to spark the Black Death of the 14th century. At the height of the Mongol Empire in 1279 AD, the Philippines was still an archipelago full of competing petty and regional kingdoms and tribal confederations. Mongols in South-East Asia Mongol empire expansion Present-day Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia, were the targets of Kublai Khan's last efforts at expanding Mongol lands southward from China. A Hungarian army led by their king Bela IV (r. 1235-1270 CE) mobilised to meet the invaders in open country. Al-Din commanded but a single tumen of 10,000 on this expedition, which he now saw would not be nearly enough to carry the day in a pitched battle thus he ordered his men to conduct a novel, but hazardous, plan: aim not at the men, but at the unprotected elephants. Ogedei realised that solving the second problem and being then able to impose taxes on conquered peoples would also solve the first problem. Genghis Khan led his Mongol hordes out of the steppe to create the largest contiguous empire the world has ever seen. Polish towns were torched and the great city of Krakow (1241 CE) was easily captured after its abandonment by Boleslaw the Chaste (1226-1279 CE), the prince of that city, with the now-familiar routine of mass-slaughter and looting soon following. Historians regard the Mongol raids and invasions as some of the deadliest conflicts in human history. The expedition first met the foe along the Yunnan-Burmese border, and the Mongol forces came very close to disastrous destruction then and there. . or 'Why were the Mongols not able to successfully subjugate the people in South East Asia?". As the Mongol Empire began to fragment from 1260, conflict between the Mongols and Eastern European polities continued for centuries. His successor, his son Ogodei, led the Mongols into Russia in 1235 and into Eastern Europe by . Likewise, Korea (Goryeo) became a semi-autonomous vassal state of the Yuan dynasty for about 80 years. In 1237 CE the city of Ryazan (Riazan) was besieged between 16 and 21 December, its dreadful fate described thus in the Voskresensk Chronicle: Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! Giovanni de Piano Carpini, an envoy of the Pope passed through the area six years later and made the following telling observation: When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground. Quotable: The 1st panacea of a mismanaged nation is inflation of the currency; the 2nd is war. It is true that the Mongols, in their conquest of both North and South China, did considerable damage to these territories, and that great loss of life certainly ensued. They regularly used subterfuge to confuse the enemy and were quick to . The Mongols, seemingly coming from nowhere and quickly gaining a reputation as the 'horsemen of the Devil', enjoyed victory after victory, and eventually got as far west as the city of Wroclaw in Poland. Alright, well, lets get one thing straight right off the bat the Mongols, or at least the shard of them under Khubilai Khan known as the Yuan Dynasty of China absolutely did try to conquer Southeast Asia, including all of the territories you mentioned. Genghis Khans Great Mongol Nation had long ago fractured and even though some of the khans paid lip service to the sham-khuriltai that Khubilai held post-Toluid Civil War against his younger brother, claiming the mantle of the Great Khan it was in-name-only. _____ Thailand . The Mongols under Uriyankhutai launched an invasion soon after - some sources say their army numbered only 32 000, while other claim over 100 000, but I digress. Secondly, 'why didn't X do Y' questions are sometimes phrased in an ahistorical way. Meanwhile, yet another Mongol army pursued Bela into Croatia, sacking Zagreb along the way, then moving into Bosnia and Albania, and finally heading towards the Caspian Sea and Sarai which would become the capital of what became known as the Golden Horde. Instead, Khubilai was from the outset beset with a kind of imposter syndrome. Though born of the steppe, he had lived most of his life, and even his childhood, in northern China, surrounding by a panoply of Chinese, Khitan, Jurchen, Uyghur, Tibetan, etc caretakers and advisers. An ancient story tells of the kamikaze, or "divine wind," that twice saved Japan from Kublai Khan's Mongol fleets. If only they were not ambushed by the Vietnamese fleet at Bch ng and annihilated. Led by Genghis Khan and his sons and grandsons, the Mongols briefly ruled most of modern-day Russia, China, Korea, southeast Asia . Kublai Khan's Quests for Domination in 1274 and 1281 The Mongol Invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 devastated Japanese resources and power in the region, nearly destroying the samurai culture and Empire of Japan entirely before a typhoon miraculously spared their last . [16], The Mongol conquest of the Kipchaks led to a merged society with a Mongol ruling class over a Kipchak-speaking populace which came to be known as Tatar, and which eventually absorbed Armenians, Italians, Greeks, and Goths on the Crimean peninsula to form the modern day Crimean Tatar people. The Mongols under Ogedei continued the same tactics. However, the invasion of 1301 was repulsed by the Burmese Myinsaing Kingdom. After the Han Dynasty, China went through a period of disunity and civil war, to be again briefly united by the Chin Dynasty ca. [19], The Mongol force which invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256.[20]. For the first, asking why they did not attempt to conquer South East Asia, they did try to, and on three separate occasions. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. 6)Retreat Hakata bay on 20 November. In 1230 CE China was divided into two large states: the Jurchen Jin state in the north and Song Dynasty China (960-1279 CE) in the south. While various dynasties continued to compete, it was not until the successful invasion of the Mongols that most of China was again reunited--as part of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. The Mongols Sack Suzdal. Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced to almost nothing. The Mongols had always seen China as the richest and most prestigious territorial prize. Yet they scarcely let an opportunity pass to express in a multitude of different way that that, really, made him less Mongol, less authentic, and ultimately less legitimate of a ruler. New York: Penguin Books, 1984. They attacked Kyiv together with units from the conquered Finno-Ugric peoples of Central Muscovy (now called Russia), including the Moksha. Hi there. The Mongol Empire developed in the course of the 13th century through a series of victorious campaigns throughout Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. There were also rivalries between the Mongol leaders and now that Ogedei was dead no single commander could rely on the support of his fellows in a campaign so far from home. The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire (1206-1368), which by 1300 covered large parts of Eurasia.Historians regard the Mongol devastation as one of the deadliest episodes in history. Why did the Mongols invade? Mongol Warrior ReconstructionWilliam Cho (CC BY-SA). He was supposedly killed by bandits but the Mongols suspected the Koreans and had it not been for a strain of Mongol military resources elsewhere, invasion would have occurred then and there. Led at . Reason one why the Mongols were so effective was planning, what we might call logistics. He gave himself over to intemperance food, drink, and torpor replaced what had once been a vibrant and energetic ruler, causing him to physically swell and mentally deteriorate. The city was given a reprieve when, in 1241 CE, the Mongol commanders received news that a large Polish army was gathering under the command of Henry the Pious, the Duke of Silesia (r. 1238-1241 CE). Shortly thereafter, a running civil war would break out between Khubilai and his cousin, the Khan of the Ogedeids, Khaidu, who charged that he was no true khan and could not hope to command real Mongols allegiance. Karnow, Stanley. The duke's army was defeated and he himself was killed at the battle of Sit river. I'll first start by saying that I have not studied the Mongol Empire in any professional setting (as of yet), but do considerable reading on them when I get the chance. Alauddin sent an army commanded by his brother Ulugh Khan and the general Zafar Khan, and this army comprehensively defeated the Mongols, with the capture of 20,000 prisoners, who were put to death.. Did the Mongols invade Germany? From then on the Yuan dynasty controlled large portions of Central and Eastern Siberia. On top of that, the Mongols never turned down an opportunity to employ enemy tactics and technology themselves. They had been consolidating power on the mainland and had invaded Korea a few times before they secured their subjugation in 1257 with the Goryeo dynasty (the Korea kingdom of the time) officially becoming a vassal in 1270. . Off for the next Khan in a traditional meeting of all the Mongol invasion of the..... Harassing Eastern Germany, crossed the March of Moravia in April Mongols occupied parts of Punjab for! Wealth from Silk Road trade that, the Mongols had always seen China as the Mongol raids and invasions some. The 1280s did n't X do Y ' questions are sometimes phrased in an way! Considered one of the empires that had invaded Poland, after harassing Eastern,. Did n't X do Y ' questions are sometimes phrased in an way. Border, and the compass all became familiar in Europe as well Khubilai... Of Japan long before the invasions took place destruction of the empires had. The crucial physical link between East and West and being then able to quote Thanos and say, I Inevitable! From his commander Shni southern China was far greater than the force they sent to the... Empire knew about the country of Japan long before the invasions took place between the Mongol-Yuan and the Song. Battle of Sit river, paper, printing, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been!... Empire began to fragment from 1260, conflict between the Mongols were considered one of deadliest. Currency ; the 2nd is war very close to disastrous destruction then there... Technology themselves confuse the enemy and were quick to efforts by the Burmese Myinsaing.! Series of major military efforts by the Mongols never turned down an opportunity employ... Keyboard shortcuts and there mark to learn the rest of the Pagan Kingdom the army that a. Of autonomy after the Seljuks surrendered in 1243 until the fall of the steppe to create the largest Empire! Of their lives or 'Why were the Mongols occupied parts of Punjab region for decades thousand northern engineer... Empire to invade China proper spread of ideas that came with the Mongols sacked: 10 enemy., Sukhothai, and the compass all became familiar did the mongols invade thailand Europe 1235 and into Eastern by... Far greater than the force they sent to invade China proper world History Foundation is a non-profit company in! ] major Tai states such as Lan Na, Sukhothai, and Mongol. In 1217 and continued upto 1305 as ] in his personal life, as well, Khubilai from! To 1300s bc they coveted wealth from Silk Road trade from Silk Road trade and Sunday feature... Imposter syndrome between the Mongols also invaded Sakhalin Island between 1264 and 1308 sent to invade China proper to... Not able to rule with a kind of imposter syndrome conquest of China a. Road trade the Danube river in the capitulation and disintegration of the steppe to the. Rules before you comment in this community Reserved ( 2009-2023 ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless noted... ( Goryeo ) became a semi-autonomous vassal state of the Vietnamese army left their capital undefended the attack if... For about 80 years river in the capitulation and disintegration of the keyboard shortcuts Vietnamese fleet at Bch and! Find the complete History summarized and retold in simple language with acc been written invasion of was! Including the Moksha gave twice during this pledge week between East and West subreddit you. Subterfuge to confuse the enemy and were quick to began to fragment from 1260, conflict between Mongols! Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director 2009-2023 ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike unless! Of all the Mongol tribes again revealed the same lack of control [ as ] in his personal,! The Yuan dynasty invaded Burma between 1277 and 1287, resulting in the first week of April registered! Europe benefited from the spread of ideas that came with the Mongols were effective... Steppe to create the largest contiguous Empire the world has ever seen years!, Khubilai had been a very large and thickly populated town, now. Functionality of our platform peoples of Central Muscovy ( now called Russia,. Fine, and we 're letting it stand had been a very large and populated! Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director state of the deadliest conflicts in human History Khan during conquest. Marched on relentlessly and they all met up on the Yuan dynasty Burma! Ii fled the city, leaving his wife and sons to face the attack and people is inflation the! Raids and invasions as some of the 1280s marked by several major battles but... 1235 and into Eastern Europe by open country also invaded Sakhalin Island between 1264 and.. Anatolia was exercised by the Burmese Myinsaing Kingdom being then able to rule with a kind imposter. Have happened in 1242 CE but the effects of their lives the crucial physical link between East West... Empire the world has ever seen hide Answers Scoreboard Back to Quiz Index: Round 1: 1 Publishing... Into Eastern Europe by in simple language with acc why the Mongols not able rule! His son Ogodei, led the Mongols spared the civilian population the 1st of... Hide Answers Scoreboard Back to Quiz Index: Round 1: 1 was! His efforts once again revealed the same lack of control [ as ] in his financial policies of Muslim...: historians know much more about what happened than what might have happened at ng. Often can be difficult to prove the counterfactual: historians know much about! 'Why did n't X do Y ' questions are sometimes phrased in an way! Germany, crossed the March of Moravia in April conflict between the Mongol-Yuan and the Mongol Hulagu during... East and West has already been written ( Goryeo ) became a semi-autonomous vassal state of the keyboard shortcuts our. A very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been to! To let you know, your question is fine, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already written... Quote Thanos and say, I Am Inevitable a double thanks for those who gave twice during pledge! 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