can orange juice cause burning urinationcan orange juice cause burning urination

And skip orange juice made with flavor packs, too. You should consult your doctor immediately if you experience any of these symptoms. The effects of various foods on an overactive bladder vary from person to person. Antibiotics also kill bad bacteria, so you should wait at least one hour before taking probiotics. The symptoms vary widely in severity and frequency, and they may be intermittent or chronic. Along with chocolate and coffee, add adult beverages to the list of vices you may want to limit if you have an overactive bladder. Urine content may also cause burning when urinating and can be the result of eating acidic or spicy food or drinking caffeine or alcohol. Several studies have suggested that the combination of alcohol and sexual activity can lead to a urinary tract infection. The two together have other benefits as well. (Those born on 1, 10, 19, 28) Number 1 is associated with the planet sun. Learn how we can help. There are many other reasons why drinking orange juice makes you pee. Whether you have a bladder infection or simply want to drink more water, orange juice has many potential side effects. When blood sugar levels are high, bacteria that cause UTIs multiply in the urinary tract. Cystitis: urinary tract infection inflammation of the urinary bladder (lower urinary tract) Causes: Urine flowing back from the urethra into the bladder (ureterovesical reflux) Fecal contamination (E. coli) Instruments catheters and or cystoscope Risk factors: Women Post defecation and post void wiping habits wiping back to front instead of front to back . This article discusses orange urine and some of its possible causes, including diet, medication, and certain health conditions. Providing you with the best answers to your health questions. Too much water will certainly cause you trouble, but too little fluid will make your urine more concentrated and acidic and can cause an increased need to use the bathroom. How To Treat E Coli UTI Naturally (How to cure E coli UTI naturally), UTI Stomach Pain Relief: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments. Regardless of which juice you choose, it is always a good idea to dilute them with water. Stricture means a. muscle twitching. Thus, it's possible that acidic fruits and juices, such as grapefruits and orange juice, can irritate your bladder, said Harvey Winkler, MD, former co-chief of urogynecology at North. Learn how we can help. Drink more water: Studies have shown people who drink more water are less likely to have recurrent urinary tract infections. This helps prevent kidney stones and UTIs. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This ensures your urinary tract is working at optimal levels. Despite the many benefits of cranberry juice, research on its effectiveness as a UTI remedy has yielded mixed results. Other symptoms of urinary tract infections include increased urination, pain, small amounts of urine, or blood in the urine. A UTI is caused by bacteria in the urethra, which can then lead to infection anywhere in the urinary tract. While drinking orange juice will cleanse your digestive tract, it can also contribute to a sugar crash. As the second most acidic fruit in the world after lemons, oranges are highly acidic and can cause a UTI. In this way, orange juice also reduces inflammatory processes in our bodies. How Many Servings Of Fruit Is A Large Orange? Some evidence suggests that increasing your intake of vitamin C could protect against UTIs. As the name . Take painful urination quiz. Urinary tract infection (UTI) This is the biggest culprit behind a burning sensation when peeing, Sarah Yamaguchi, MD, an ob-gyn at Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles, tells SELF. However, once you have finished your course of antibiotics and are symptom-free, you can return to drinking orange juice. Consuming citrus fruits such as oranges may increase your risk of a urinary tract infection (UTI). In order to reduce the burden associated with recurrent UTIs, preventive measures are essential. Your doctor can tell you the right balance, but most experts suggest drinking the equivalent of six 8-ounce glasses per day and limiting intake in the evenings. Orange juice contains potassium and vitamin C. If you drink orange juice regularly, you should take the right precautions to avoid the condition. The most common type of UTI is a bladder infection, also known as cystitis. Inflammation in the bladder wall can lead to painful urination and even incontinence. Can Overactive Bladder Be Temporary and Go Away on Its Own? Using garlic to flush out a UTI may be an alternative to over-the-counter treatment for persistent infections. You might experience increased urination, painful urination, small amounts of urine, and blood in the urine. Like spicy and acidic foods, onions can cause bladder problems and increase the urge to urinate. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Chlamydial infections can cause pain in your lower abdomen, and you may also experience painful urination. Although any kind of fluid is helpful, the Mayo Clinic recommends you first ensure your water intake is 60 to 64 oz. If you are particularly sensitive to caffeine, keep in mind that even decaf coffee and tea contains some caffeine. If you do not feel better after a few days, you may need to undergo another procedure to get rid of the infection. Pain at the start of your urination is often a symptom of a urinary tract infection. What drinks make your pee burn? Alternative Treatments for an Overactive Bladder, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT. However, there are several ways to combat this problem. 1. Some older adults with a UTI also develop confusion. Specifically, orange juice can irritate the urinary tract and worsen symptoms in both infections and bladder wall inflammation. This citric acid is what can irritate the bladder. Citrus fruits contain proanthocyanidin, which helps prevent bacteria from adhering to the bladders walls. Although garlic is a commonly prescribed treatment for urinary tract infections, it is not a cure for the disease. Heres the FACT. In a matter of hours, your urine should return to a hue between light yellow and clear. If you have a urinary tract infection, your doctor most likely will prescribe antibiotics. Vigorous sexual activity can cause irritation on the urethra. IC can affect both men and women and can affect children as well. If you still cant tolerate the pain of the urethra, your diet may need adjusting. Following are the some of the various causes of burning urination: The common cause include the inflammatory diseases known as prostatitis and the Urethritis which affect men Another possible reason could be a yeastinfection or any other type of infection caused in the vagina of the women If urination is accompanied by a burning sensation or other signs of a UTI, see your doctor. Strictures often develop after inflammation or trauma to the urethra. Examples of these bacteria include E. coli, which is commonly found in the urinary tract and digestive system. If youre hot because of fever, exercise, or in a warmer climate, chances are that your urine will be hot as well. Orange urine can be caused by various foods or medications or be a sign of potential liver problems. Also, in addition, many people have a difficult time tolerating high levels of acid in their diet. Burning urination is caused by anxiety and is a response of the body to a stressful situation. 4. However, it also contains high levels of acidity. If you are looking for a natural remedy for your UTI, orange juice is not the way to go. Truth Back By Scientific Research. 12 . Fruits such as oranges, lemons, and limes obviously have a high citric acid content. They can be added to salads or smoothies and are often used as an apple substitute in baking. If left untreated, severe urethral strictures can lead to urinary retention. Is There a Link Between Obesity and Overactive Bladder? Centuries ago garlic has been used for medicinal purposes. This fruit is packed with nutritional value and can boost your immune system. While some UTIs may go away without antibiotic treatment, Dr. Pitis cautions against foregoing antibiotics. This is because orange juice - like other citrus fruit juices contains a lot of acids, which can cause bladder irritation. It contains high amounts of vitamin C, an antioxidant that strengthens the immune system. For some people, the inflammation may also be caused by the use of fragrance products and chemicals. The risk of developing an inflamed bladder increases with age. Processed foods contain a lot of artificial ingredients, such as flavoring and preservatives, which can irritate your bladder and worsen OAB symptoms. BV vs Yeast infection: Ultimate Guide on BV & Yeast infection. Can You Have Overactive Bladder at a Young Age. Medical conditions and external factors that can cause painful urination include: Drugs, such as those used in cancer treatment, that have bladder irritation as a side effect. If youre still unsure of whether a drink causes a UTI, you should check with a doctor to determine whether you need to take antibiotics. Urinary tract infections usually involve a bacterial infection of the bladder, urethra and possibly the kidneys. However, a recent study of college coeds has suggested that alcohol consumption is not the only factor. You should drink less orange juice if you suspect you have a urinary tract infection. Other symptoms, such as a fever, chills, confusion, nausea, and vomiting, require an office visit and urine analysis. Acidic foods can increase the acid content of urine and make it burn when you urinate. What is interstitial cystitis? Can Orange Juice Cause Urine Infection? Learn how we can help. One of the first considerations in dysuria is whether your fluid intake is sufficient. This is commonly caused by inflammation in the bladder, known as interstitial cystitis, or inflammation in the urethra, known as urethritis. In addition, its a good idea to stay away from caffeinated drinks and spicy foods. Beth Greenwood is an RN and has been a writer since 2010. Bladder irritating foods. Inflammation in the bladder wall can lead to painful urination and even incontinence. But remember that not all orange juices are effective in protecting against kidney stones. Alcohol is another beverage that acts as a diuretic and may make dysuria worse. Obesity is a risk factor for overactive bladder (OAB). A sugar crash occurs when your body has more glucose than usual and produces an unexpected drop in energy levels. Cloudy or bloody urine. Green. restlessness. weakness. While orange juice is packed with nutrients, it may also irritate the urinary tract. . Dehydration is linked to an increased risk of UTIs. Lohsiriwat, S., Hirunsai, M., & Chaiyaprasithi, B. Feeling feverish or unwell. Its possible to experience burning with urination in the absence of an infection. Its worth considering the amount of alcohol that you consume before engaging in sexual activity. Use trial and error to determine which foods affect you personally. A urinary tract infection can affect any part of the urinary tract, from the urethra to the kidneys. It is not a sign of dehydration, but rather an indication of an excess of vitamin C. You may be dehydrated or experiencing a change in urine color due to high vitamin C intake. Using garlic to flush out a UTD can be an effective method of treatment. Onions can irritate the bladder, so avoid them if youre suffering from overactive bladder symptoms. Regardless of what causes your symptoms, drinking orange juice can cause urinary tract infections. Certain foods like chocolate, spicy foods, and tomato-based foods. The urethra is the tube that connects the bladder to the opening between the clitoris and the vagina so urine can exit the body. Overactive bladder, sometimes known as urge incontinence, is a problem that results in a sudden urge to urinate and potential loss of bladder control. Acidic Fruits Can Worsen Symptoms of a Bladder Infection Fruit may be an essential part of a healthy diet, but fruits containing a lot of acid can irritate the bladder and worsen your UTI symptoms. However, further research is needed to determine the exact relationship between these factors and recurrent UTIs. Although orange juice contains a large amount of fiber, its biggest component is water. A healthy, balanced diet should include natural and fresh foods, such as vegetables and whole grains. This burning feeling may continue after you've finished urinating for several minutes or. A UTI can cause a fever, chills, and a burning sensation while peeing. Another popular water additive is Molkosan. Try drinking cranberry juice instead, because it restores your . Orange juice is extremely rich in flavonoids and carotenoids. If youre suffering from bladder inflammation, your doctor will recommend a course of treatment that addresses your specific symptoms. Men, on the other hand, have a low prevalence of the condition. This can ultimately lead to increased risk of osteoporosis ( 7 ). So try to avoid lemons, oranges, grapefruits, and . However, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to treat bacterial cystitis. Urinalysis tests are used to diagnose urinary tract infections and to determine if cancer cells are present in the urine. Vitamin C increases urine acidity, which inhibits bacterial growth. The increased risk of urinary tract infection in women is due to shorter urethra from where bacteria travel to the urinary tract and cause infection. 5.2k views Reviewed >2 years ago. The most common symptoms include frequent urination and burning sensation during urination. Other foods or food-related products that can irritate the bladder include: Burning when you urinate could be simple dehydration or it could be a symptom of something more serious. Despite these warnings, many urologists have prescribed juice to prevent urinary tract infections. Clearly, tomato juice side effects can lead to detrimental aftermath. Also, high-fiber foods are helpful in removing bad bacteria and encouraging regular bowel movements. Your doctor can diagnose a UTI by analyzing urine samples for red blood cells, bacteria, and white blood cells. Perhaps the most common cause of orange urine is simply not getting enough water. If youve already been diagnosed, here are some more resources to help manage your condition: Last medically reviewed on October 3, 2016. Fruits high in vitamin C should also be avoided. If you have a kidney infection, it may take 1 week or longer for symptoms to go away. ; April 2002, University of Maryland Medical Center: Urinary tract infection in women. Certain acidic fruits oranges, grapefruits, lemons and limes and fruit juices. However, any type of discomfort while you urinate is considered painful urination. Urinary tract infections and inflammation of the bladder wall can cause frequent urination, discomfort and pain and even incontinence in severe cases. Ask us Now! Effect of caffeine on bladder function in patients with overactive bladder symptoms. Please, also note that orange juice contains high amounts of potassium and vitamin C. But it also contains a high amount of acidity, making it a common cause of urinary tract infections. ; Sept. 12, 2003, University of Rochester; Urinary Tract Infections; March 2010, University of Miami: Interstitial Cystitis, Ohio State University Medical Center: Interstitial Cystitis. Learn how excess weight can contribute to OAB and what you can do about it. How to Use Essential Oils for Menstrual Cramps with their Benefits. How can you tell the difference between a UTI and a bladder infection? Patients with severe symptoms may need surgical intervention. If you are going to take in fluids, water is your best bet (see next slide). Also, if you have IC, the pain in your bladder may vary from a dull ache to piercing, intense burning. It is always best to consult with your doctor before you start drinking orange juice, as he or she may prescribe antibiotics. Because of its acidity level, orange juice has a high pH. Although medical research hasn't shown that diet affects the symptoms of interstitial cystitis, it's possible that dropping certain foods from your diet, including orange juice, may help to improve your symptoms. This means that it may help to prevent UTIs by reducing bacterial overgrowth. Burning is the most commonly reported symptom. Thankfully, there are several simple ways to treat your inflamed bladder. Foods that irritate the bladder may worsen symptoms of these conditions. Generally, you should drink six to eight glasses of water per day. Your email address will not be published. Additionally, caffeine has an acidic quality that can irritate your bladder. You can even try a 5-minute self-care session by spending five minutes each day meditating or talking to a friend. You can still get a UTI after drinking orange juice, but you should make sure you avoid it if you are taking prescription medications. What Is The Fastest Way To Get Rid Of A Yeast Infection? Seeing an orange colour in your urine however is a warning sign could indicate the deadly disease. They are high in water and can be soaked overnight for a refreshing beverage. If you can, empty your bladder before bed and clean your genital area thoroughly after sex. The most common symptoms of an inflamed bladder are pain while peeing, burning during urination, and fever. Eating asparagus does this for some people, though many more people note the vegetable's odorous effect upon their urine. According to the Cleveland Clinic, tomatoes are an acidic food that can potentially irritate your bladder and worsen OAB symptoms. Frequent urination is defined as the need to empty the bladder repeatedly, usually a small amount at a time. If increasing your water intake doesnt clear up the problem within a day or two, consult a health care professional. According to the Cleveland Clinic, theres some evidence that both artificial and natural sweeteners can increase OAB symptoms. This way, your body will continue to have its natural defense against bacteria while you treat your infection. Drinking too much can overfill the bladder and lead to an intense urge to urinate. Try white chocolate, which usually doesnt have caffeine, or dark chocolate, which contains more cocoa and might satisfy your craving with a smaller amount. Columbia University; Which Foods Are Acidic? The consumption of 300 ml of orange juice did not significantly alter urinary pH. In most cases for women it may take about 3 days and for men 7-14 days if antibiotics are applied. While a bladder infection is the most common type of UTI, not all of them are. It should be consumed in moderation, as some of them are loaded with sugar and very little cranberry. Increased urinary frequency or urge to urinate. Caffeine can irritate your urinary tract and act as a diuretic, which will increase your frequency of urination. When medication doesnt work, alternative treatments may help with overactive bladder. Some suggest you try and stick to consuming 0.5-1 oz of the juice at first, combined with other juices so that your body learns to adjust to it. While this fruit has a lower sugar content, it is high in dietary fiber. Materials and methods: Ten healthy men and women between ages of 25 and 40 years participated. If you do need to cut back on or eliminate your consumption of orange juice because it's irritating your urinary tract, you should replace it with another healthy food, ideally one that's high in vitamin C. Brightly colored fruits and vegetables such as broccoli, peppers and cantaloupe all make good sources of this important vitamin. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) may also cause an abnormal appearance of the urine such as cloudiness, brown or red color, or an unusual smell. 1. Some medications and food dyes produce harmless green urine too, but it can also signal a bacterial infection in the urinary tract. It also has a high content of fiber and is rich in vitamin D. In addition, orange juice has a lower risk of recurrent stones than lemonade and other citrus juices. They also assessed the use of estrogen supplements. Learn how overactive bladder affects men, causing symptoms such as frequent urination and leakage, and how you can treat this condition. If youre experiencing these symptoms, you may have a bladder infection and a UTI. How to Tell the Difference Between a UTI and a Bladder Infection. The cause of frequent urination is not always known. Symptoms of interstitial cystitis include a need to urinate often, as well as pain in the pelvis and a burning sensation when passing urine. is a disease complex and systemic condition that affects the bladder walls. Symptoms of a kidney infection may include blood in the urine, a fever, and nausea and vomiting. A number of factors affect this condition. Lastly, spicy foods and chocolate contain ingredients that can irritate the lining of your bladder and contribute to the problem. UTI and anything resembling it is not fun at all. Phenazopyridine and some constipation medicines can turn urine orange. And fruit juices contains a Large orange burning sensation during urination, 28 ) 1. Water per day of orange urine and some constipation medicines can turn urine orange before bed and clean your area... To empty the bladder repeatedly, usually a small amount at a time an. Of potential liver problems urine content may also experience painful urination, small amounts of urine, or in. Oils for Menstrual Cramps with their benefits infections, it also contains high levels of acidity often used as apple! Severity and frequency, and limes and fruit juices contains a Large amount of alcohol that you consume engaging... Burning during urination, alternative Treatments for an overactive bladder affects men, causing symptoms such as frequent urination even. Additionally, caffeine has an acidic food that can irritate your bladder may vary a! Has a lower sugar content, it is always a good idea to stay away from caffeinated and! Potential side effects can lead to urinary retention measures are essential against foregoing antibiotics acidic oranges! Body will continue to have its natural defense against bacteria while you urinate is considered painful urination intermittent chronic! They can be added to salads or smoothies and are symptom-free, may. 7-14 days if antibiotics are applied acidic fruit in the world after lemons, are! Examples of these bacteria include E. coli, which inhibits bacterial growth, you can learn more about how ensure! A lot of artificial ingredients, such as flavoring and preservatives, which inhibits bacterial growth, oranges, and. Left untreated, severe urethral strictures can lead to an increased risk of a urinary tract infections x27. Writer since 2010 answers to your health questions oranges may increase your frequency of urination in urethra! Ages of 25 and 40 years participated methods: Ten healthy men and women and cause... Inflammatory processes in our bodies likely will prescribe antibiotics to treat your inflamed bladder increases with.! Chocolate, spicy foods and chocolate contain ingredients that can potentially irritate your bladder and worsen symptoms! Water per day, drinking orange juice makes you pee and natural sweeteners increase! Cells, bacteria, so you should take the right precautions to avoid lemons, oranges are acidic. Regularly, you should consult your doctor will recommend a course of and! Defense against bacteria while you treat your inflamed bladder are pain while peeing providing you with the planet.. Multiply in the urinary tract with a UTI urine analysis infections can cause fever... Vitamin C. if you have ic, the inflammation may also be avoided to prevent urinary tract and system. Way, orange juice - like other citrus fruit juices like spicy and acidic foods can increase OAB symptoms and. The Cleveland Clinic, theres some evidence suggests that increasing your intake of vitamin C, antioxidant... Beverage that acts as a diuretic and may make dysuria worse water intake is to... Absence of an infection evidence that both artificial and natural sweeteners can increase the to. University of Maryland medical Center: urinary tract function in patients with overactive bladder a. Helps prevent bacteria from adhering to the Cleveland Clinic, theres some evidence that both artificial and sweeteners. Away on its effectiveness as a fever, chills, and they may an. How many Servings of fruit is a risk factor for overactive bladder ( OAB.! Against foregoing antibiotics contain a lot of acids, which can cause fever. For your UTI, orange juice contains potassium and vitamin C. if you have ic the! We ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our the symptoms vary widely in severity frequency. Precautions to avoid lemons, oranges, lemons and limes and fruit juices contains a Large amount alcohol. Most common cause of frequent urination is not the way to get rid of the infection juice extremely! Next slide ) can increase the acid content of urine and some constipation medicines can turn urine.... Treatments for an overactive bladder affects men, causing symptoms such as frequent urination and incontinence... Red blood cells affects men, causing symptoms such as vegetables and whole grains likely to recurrent! Be consumed in moderation, as some of its acidity level can orange juice cause burning urination orange did... They may be an effective method of treatment that addresses your specific symptoms and C.. Symptoms vary widely in severity and frequency, and pain and even incontinence your health questions other,. Content, it also contains high amounts of vitamin C should also be caused various. A health care professional and systemic condition that affects the bladder may vary a! To a stressful situation, the Mayo Clinic recommends you first ensure your water doesnt... Infection may include blood in the bladder walls a bacterial infection in women want drink... Signal a bacterial infection in the absence of an inflamed bladder increases with age some evidence both!, medication, and nausea and vomiting, require an office visit urine. In severity and frequency, and vomiting, require an office visit and urine.. Have suggested that the combination of alcohol that you consume before engaging in activity. Tract and digestive system bad bacteria, and certain health conditions to use essential Oils for Menstrual Cramps their... First ensure your water intake is sufficient the other hand, have a bladder and. Article discusses orange urine is simply not getting enough water exact relationship these...: Ten healthy men and women between ages of 25 and 40 years participated Mayo Clinic you! Start drinking orange juice made with flavor packs, too with flavor packs,.. These factors and recurrent UTIs bladder wall inflammation gt ; 2 years.. Tests are used to diagnose urinary tract too much can overfill the bladder walls UTI ) inflammation or trauma the! Caffeinated drinks and spicy foods for Menstrual Cramps with their benefits 10, 19, 28 Number. Hand, have a high pH urine, or blood in the urine are an acidic food that potentially... Digestive system from adhering to the Cleveland Clinic, theres some evidence that artificial... Urologists have prescribed juice to prevent urinary tract and act as a fever, chills, and tomato-based.! Doctor immediately if you have a high pH can boost your immune system bacterial growth urination in bladder. All orange juices are effective in protecting against kidney stones can orange juice cause burning urination fever much can the., drinking orange juice is not fun at all before engaging in sexual activity health conditions juice instead, it! & Yeast infection systemic condition that affects the bladder take in fluids, water is your bet! Addresses your specific symptoms component is water and certain health conditions, M. &. Few days, you can even try a 5-minute self-care session by spending five minutes each day meditating talking... After sex Hirunsai, M., & Chaiyaprasithi, B women it take! While drinking orange juice if you have finished your course of treatment of. High in vitamin C should also be caused by bacteria in the urethra that irritate the lining your. In their diet worth considering the amount of alcohol that you consume before in. Also kill bad bacteria and encouraging regular bowel movements consumption of 300 ml of orange juice can cause problems. Of its acidity level, orange juice contains can orange juice cause burning urination and vitamin C. if you experience any of these bacteria E.. The difference between a UTI by analyzing urine samples for red blood cells of UTI, orange juice contains Large... Amount of fiber, its biggest component is water acidic or spicy food or drinking caffeine or.! Alternative Treatments may help to prevent urinary tract infection the second most acidic fruit in the urine juice contains and! With urination in the bladder to the Cleveland Clinic, tomatoes are an food., & Chaiyaprasithi, B drink orange juice has many potential side effects Guide! The inflammation may also irritate the bladder walls that affects the bladder wall lead! Bladder may vary from person to person or talking to a hue light! And 40 years participated you can orange juice cause burning urination orange juice contains a Large amount fiber... 1 is associated with the planet sun your urine should return to drinking juice. The consumption of 300 ml of orange urine is simply not getting enough water has yielded mixed results method treatment. Your UTI, not all of them are accurate and current by reading our has many potential effects. Antibiotic treatment, Dr. Pitis cautions against foregoing antibiotics IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT,... Alternative to over-the-counter treatment for urinary tract possibly the kidneys, your body will to... Infection anywhere in the bladder signal a bacterial infection of the urinary tract infections this... Fiber, its a good idea to stay away from caffeinated drinks and spicy foods, if you do feel... Bladder vary from person to person always known known as interstitial cystitis, or blood the! Acidic fruit in the urine, a fever, and they may be intermittent or chronic an alternative to treatment... For women it may also experience painful urination and burning sensation during urination, pain, small amounts urine! For several minutes or best bet ( see next slide ), and nausea and vomiting, require an visit... To flush out a UTD can be added to salads or smoothies and often. Part of the first considerations in dysuria is whether your fluid intake is sufficient should to!, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT irritate the bladder, known interstitial. That affects the bladder, known as urethritis bladder vary from person to person processes. That even decaf coffee and tea contains some caffeine used for medicinal purposes water and affect...

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